People with the genetic condition cystinuria are unable to effectively reabsorb cystine into their bloodstream. Cysteine is made in the body from serine and methionine and only present in the l-stereoisomer in mammalian proteins. Two cysteine molecules linked together by a disulfide linkage make up the amino acid cystine, which is sometimes listed separately in common amino acid listings. The sulfur-containing thiol group in cysteine’s side chain is key to its properties, enabling the formation of disulfide bridges between two peptide chains (as with insulin) or loop formation within a single chain, impacting the final protein structure. Subsequently, it was chemically synthesized, and the structure solved in 1903–4. The water solubility of this amino acid lends itself to the presence near the active sites of enzymes such as pepsin.Ĭysteine is particularly abundant in the proteins of hair, hooves, and the keratin of the skin, having been isolated from a urinary calculus in 1810 and from horn in 1899. Asparagine is important in the removal of toxic ammonia from the body.ĭiscovered in proteins in 1868, aspartic acid is commonly found in animal proteins, however only the l-stereoisomer participates in the biosynthesis of proteins. Only the l-stereoisomer participates in the biosynthesis of mammalian proteins. However, it wasn’t until 1932 that scientists were able to prove that asparagine occurred in proteins. In 1806, asparagine was purified from asparagus juice, making it the first amino acid to be isolated from a natural source. Although arginine is necessary for growth but not body maintenance, research has indicated that arginine is crucial to the wound-healing process, particularly in those with poor circulation. Arginine can also be produced synthetically, and arginine-related compounds can be used in treating people with liver dysfunction due to its role in promoting liver regeneration. It can then be converted into nitric oxide by the human body, a chemical known to relax blood vessels.ĭue to its vasodilatory effects, arginine has been put forward for the treatment of people with chronic heart failure, high cholesterol, compromised circulation and high blood pressure, although research on these fronts is still ongoing. In humans, arginine is produced when proteins are digested. Only the l-stereoisomer participates in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its low reactivity contributes to the simple, elongated structure of silk with few cross-links which gives the fibers strength, stretch resistance and flexibility. Future studies are needed to establish the effects of oral taurine supplementation on targeted pathologies and the optimal supplementation doses and periods.Discovered in protein in 1875, alanine makes up 30% of the residues in silk. These preliminary findings suggest that ingestion of taurine at the stated doses and supplementation periods can reduce blood pressure to a clinically relevant magnitude, without any adverse side effects. These results translated to mean ~ 3 mmHg reductions in both SBP (range = 0-15 mmHg) and DBP (range = 0-7 mmHg) following a range of doses (1 to 6 g/day) and supplementation periods (1 day to 12 weeks), with no adverse events reported. There were seven peer-reviewed studies meeting the inclusion criteria, encompassing 103 participants of varying age and health statuses. A search was performed using various databases in May 2018 and later screened using search criteria for eligibility. However, these investigations have been conducted across a number of decades and populations and have not been collectively reviewed. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aims of this meta-analysis were to investigate the effects of orally administered isolated taurine on resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in humans.RECENT FINDINGS: There is growing evidence that taurine deficiency is associated with hypertension and that oral supplementation can have antihypertensive effects in humans. Alternative links are provided below where available. Lookup NU author(s): Dr Owen Jeffries ORCiD Downloadsįull text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. The Effects of Oral Taurine on Resting Blood Pressure in Humans: a Meta-Analysis
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